Saamaka
Short documentary, 2010, 50 min.
L.C. Reedijk was an army lieutenant and amateur filmmaker living and working in Suriname. Around 1928, he made the film Djoeka, an account of the excursion by a group of white men to the interior. The film shows the customs and practices of the Maroons (Saramaccans), the descendants of runaway slaves who lived there.
In 2010, Karel Doing returned to the region. Working with the artists group Totomboti from Pikin Slee, he revised Djoeka. The screening of the film stirred up many reactions and stories, which they captured. Music group Kwai Kwai wrote a new score for the dance and music scenes. Together with the voice-over and the everyday sounds in the village and on the river, this produced a soundtrack. The title of the film was changed into Saamaka. Thus, the eighty years spanning the recording of the images and the music turn the adaptation into a dialogue between two times and cultures.
Director
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Seven Days of Chaos
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Best Foot Forward
- 2001
- Energy Energy
- 2000
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Salvo
- 1995
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Zonder krokodillen
- 1993
- Mass Murder
- 1993
- Lichtjaren
- 1993
- Nature Trail
- 1993
- Ultimatum
- 1992
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Best Foot Forward
- 2001
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- 12 juli
- 1994
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Seven Days of Chaos
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Trottadam
- 2006
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Rainbow Stories
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Meni
- 1995
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Trottadam
- 2006
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Salvo
- 1995
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Departure on Arrival
- 1996
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Zonder krokodillen
- 1993
- Mass Murder
- 1993
- Lichtjaren
- 1993
- Nature Trail
- 1993
- Ultimatum
- 1992
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Getijden
- 2008
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
Karel Doing
1 award
Director (29)
Writer (10)
Producer (22)
Composer
Cinematographer - DoP (20)
Editor (17)
Production designer (5)
Cast (5)
Sound designer
Sound mixer
Sound editor
Location sound recordist (7)
Visual effects
Distribution company
Sales agent
Writer
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Seven Days of Chaos
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Best Foot Forward
- 2001
- Energy Energy
- 2000
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Salvo
- 1995
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Zonder krokodillen
- 1993
- Mass Murder
- 1993
- Lichtjaren
- 1993
- Nature Trail
- 1993
- Ultimatum
- 1992
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Best Foot Forward
- 2001
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- 12 juli
- 1994
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Seven Days of Chaos
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Trottadam
- 2006
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Rainbow Stories
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Meni
- 1995
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Trottadam
- 2006
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Salvo
- 1995
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Departure on Arrival
- 1996
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Zonder krokodillen
- 1993
- Mass Murder
- 1993
- Lichtjaren
- 1993
- Nature Trail
- 1993
- Ultimatum
- 1992
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Getijden
- 2008
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
Karel Doing
1 award
Director (29)
Writer (10)
Producer (22)
Composer
Cinematographer - DoP (20)
Editor (17)
Production designer (5)
Cast (5)
Sound designer
Sound mixer
Sound editor
Location sound recordist (7)
Visual effects
Distribution company
Sales agent
Producer
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Seven Days of Chaos
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Best Foot Forward
- 2001
- Energy Energy
- 2000
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Salvo
- 1995
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Zonder krokodillen
- 1993
- Mass Murder
- 1993
- Lichtjaren
- 1993
- Nature Trail
- 1993
- Ultimatum
- 1992
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Best Foot Forward
- 2001
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- 12 juli
- 1994
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Seven Days of Chaos
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Trottadam
- 2006
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Rainbow Stories
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Meni
- 1995
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Trottadam
- 2006
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Salvo
- 1995
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Departure on Arrival
- 1996
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Zonder krokodillen
- 1993
- Mass Murder
- 1993
- Lichtjaren
- 1993
- Nature Trail
- 1993
- Ultimatum
- 1992
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Getijden
- 2008
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
Karel Doing
1 award
Director (29)
Writer (10)
Producer (22)
Composer
Cinematographer - DoP (20)
Editor (17)
Production designer (5)
Cast (5)
Sound designer
Sound mixer
Sound editor
Location sound recordist (7)
Visual effects
Distribution company
Sales agent
Line producer
- Saamaka
- 2010
Humphrey Schmidt
Line producer
Cinematographer - DoP
- Saamaka
- 2010
L.C. Reedijk
Cinematographer - DoP
Editor
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Seven Days of Chaos
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Best Foot Forward
- 2001
- Energy Energy
- 2000
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Salvo
- 1995
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Zonder krokodillen
- 1993
- Mass Murder
- 1993
- Lichtjaren
- 1993
- Nature Trail
- 1993
- Ultimatum
- 1992
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Best Foot Forward
- 2001
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- 12 juli
- 1994
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Seven Days of Chaos
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Trottadam
- 2006
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Rainbow Stories
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Meni
- 1995
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Trottadam
- 2006
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Salvo
- 1995
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Departure on Arrival
- 1996
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Zonder krokodillen
- 1993
- Mass Murder
- 1993
- Lichtjaren
- 1993
- Nature Trail
- 1993
- Ultimatum
- 1992
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Getijden
- 2008
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
Karel Doing
1 award
Director (29)
Writer (10)
Producer (22)
Composer
Cinematographer - DoP (20)
Editor (17)
Production designer (5)
Cast (5)
Sound designer
Sound mixer
Sound editor
Location sound recordist (7)
Visual effects
Distribution company
Sales agent
Sound editor
- Mijn veld
- 2011
- Man in Gold
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Etna
- 2006
- Jinx
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- St Kilda
- 2003
- Un ratón Andalúz
- 1998
- De zwierenden
- 2012
- Mijn veld
- 2011
- Man in Gold
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Over vallen
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Trottadam
- 2006
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- St Kilda
- 2003
- Un ratón Andalúz
- 1998
Charly van Rest
1 award
Sound designer (7)
Sound mixer
Sound editor (6)
Location sound recordist (10)
Location sound recordist
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Seven Days of Chaos
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Best Foot Forward
- 2001
- Energy Energy
- 2000
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Salvo
- 1995
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Zonder krokodillen
- 1993
- Mass Murder
- 1993
- Lichtjaren
- 1993
- Nature Trail
- 1993
- Ultimatum
- 1992
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Best Foot Forward
- 2001
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- 12 juli
- 1994
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Seven Days of Chaos
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Trottadam
- 2006
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Rainbow Stories
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Meni
- 1995
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Trottadam
- 2006
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Salvo
- 1995
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Departure on Arrival
- 1996
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Rood
- 1995
- Meni
- 1995
- 12 juli
- 1994
- KNTRCCLKRL/IOEEEIEAE
- 1994
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- Zonder krokodillen
- 1993
- Mass Murder
- 1993
- Lichtjaren
- 1993
- Nature Trail
- 1993
- Ultimatum
- 1992
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Maas Observation
- 1997
- Getijden
- 2008
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
- 5 Portretten
- 1996
Karel Doing
1 award
Director (29)
Writer (10)
Producer (22)
Composer
Cinematographer - DoP (20)
Editor (17)
Production designer (5)
Cast (5)
Sound designer
Sound mixer
Sound editor
Location sound recordist (7)
Visual effects
Distribution company
Sales agent
Production company
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Seven Days of Chaos
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Elvenland
- 2009
- Getijden
- 2008
- Jinx
- 2005
- Ei
- 2005
- Türchen öffne dich
- 2004
- Rêve rive
- 2003
- Energy Energy
- 2000
- Whirlwind
- 1998
- Seven Days of Chaos
- 2010
- Energy Energy
- 2000
- Energy Energy
- 2000
Doing Film
Production company (14)
Distribution company
Sales agent
Distribution company
- Phone number
- +3120 589 1425
- Show e-mail address
- Website
- www.eyefilm.nl/en/collection/about-the-collection/services-and-activities/distribution
- René la canne
- 1977
- Mensen van morgen
- 1964
- Locus Pocus
- 2011
- Crosscuts
- 2011
- Tegels
- 2010
- Asta Nielsen
- 2007
- Tabee
- 2002
- Diva Dolorosa
- 1999
- Vive Elle
- 1998
- Zeemansvrouwen
- 1930
- Vrouwenlijden
- 1919
- The Brick House
- 2017
- Gravediggers
- 2015
- Metamorfoza
- 2014
- Hole
- 2013
- Rode molen
- 2013
- Division
- 2012
- Lighthouse
- 2012
- Tamino
- 2012
- Percolate Feelings
- 2012
- Nol King Ruter
- 2012
- Motor
- 2012
- Primary Expansion
- 2012
- Theta Rhythm
- 2011
- Locus Pocus
- 2011
- Groeien
- 2011
- 8 Frame Grid
- 2011
- Crosscuts
- 2011
- Tape Generations
- 2011
- Vlees - Meat
- 2010
- The Healers
- 2010
- Rihla
- 2010
- Stay
- 2010
- My Queen Karo
- 2010
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Lost Persons Area
- 2010
- Triumph of the Wild
- 2010
- Sutrapeze
- 2010
- Lovely Planet
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- 12 Days of Waiting
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Wildeman
- 2010
- Tegels
- 2010
- Shanghai Trance
- 2008
- The West (SFO)
- 2000
- City at Night (AMS)
- 2000
- Riviera Hotel
- 1998
- Het masker
- 1990
- Ghatak
- 1990
- Het Phoenix mysterie
- 1990
- Pink Ulysses
- 1990
- De zeven hoofdzonden
- 1990
- Mission Ville
- 1990
- I Should See
- 1990
- Viermaal mijn hart
- 1990
- Ixilik
- 1990
- Afstanden 3
- 1989
- Afstanden 2
- 1989
- At One View
- 1989
- Pierrot Lunaire
- 1989
- Reis zonder einde
- 1989
- Afstanden 1
- 1989
- Dagzijde
- 1989
- Ongedaan gedaan
- 1989
- Meyer aus Berlin
- 1918
- Prinsengracht
- 1899
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Triumph of the Wild
- 2010
- Sutrapeze
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Tegels
- 2010
- Bestemming
- 1998
EYE Film Distribution
11 awards
Staff
Photographer stills (5)
Production company (20)
Co-production company
Distribution company (84)
Sales agent (10)
Sales agent
- Phone number
- +3120 589 1425
- Show e-mail address
- Website
- www.eyefilm.nl/en/collection/about-the-collection/services-and-activities/distribution
- René la canne
- 1977
- Mensen van morgen
- 1964
- Locus Pocus
- 2011
- Crosscuts
- 2011
- Tegels
- 2010
- Asta Nielsen
- 2007
- Tabee
- 2002
- Diva Dolorosa
- 1999
- Vive Elle
- 1998
- Zeemansvrouwen
- 1930
- Vrouwenlijden
- 1919
- The Brick House
- 2017
- Gravediggers
- 2015
- Metamorfoza
- 2014
- Hole
- 2013
- Rode molen
- 2013
- Division
- 2012
- Lighthouse
- 2012
- Tamino
- 2012
- Percolate Feelings
- 2012
- Nol King Ruter
- 2012
- Motor
- 2012
- Primary Expansion
- 2012
- Theta Rhythm
- 2011
- Locus Pocus
- 2011
- Groeien
- 2011
- 8 Frame Grid
- 2011
- Crosscuts
- 2011
- Tape Generations
- 2011
- Vlees - Meat
- 2010
- The Healers
- 2010
- Rihla
- 2010
- Stay
- 2010
- My Queen Karo
- 2010
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Lost Persons Area
- 2010
- Triumph of the Wild
- 2010
- Sutrapeze
- 2010
- Lovely Planet
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- 12 Days of Waiting
- 2010
- Looking for Apoekoe
- 2010
- Wildeman
- 2010
- Tegels
- 2010
- Shanghai Trance
- 2008
- The West (SFO)
- 2000
- City at Night (AMS)
- 2000
- Riviera Hotel
- 1998
- Het masker
- 1990
- Ghatak
- 1990
- Het Phoenix mysterie
- 1990
- Pink Ulysses
- 1990
- De zeven hoofdzonden
- 1990
- Mission Ville
- 1990
- I Should See
- 1990
- Viermaal mijn hart
- 1990
- Ixilik
- 1990
- Afstanden 3
- 1989
- Afstanden 2
- 1989
- At One View
- 1989
- Pierrot Lunaire
- 1989
- Reis zonder einde
- 1989
- Afstanden 1
- 1989
- Dagzijde
- 1989
- Ongedaan gedaan
- 1989
- Meyer aus Berlin
- 1918
- Prinsengracht
- 1899
- Liquidator
- 2010
- Triumph of the Wild
- 2010
- Sutrapeze
- 2010
- Saamaka
- 2010
- Tegels
- 2010
- Bestemming
- 1998